Pham Thi Huong went from the backbreaking job of coaxing coffee out of Vietnam’s central highlands to an inconceivable one: growing strawberries on rocks.
Huong and her husband threw in the shovel on their days of toil at the mercy of volatile commodity prices in 2019 and joined vertical agriculture company Orlar. Now they work together at a greenhouse where connected white pillars line up like library stacks, each one holding rock on top of rock.
The rocks are treated with a patented mix of microbes to sustain plant life. Romaine lettuce, basil, bok choy, and flowers burst from the stones.
“I was so surprised, seeing this for the first time,” Huong said over a patchy line from her mountainous farm town.
“I thought, with technology like this, we can develop more,” Huong added, noting a further bonus: using far fewer chemicals than in traditional agriculture.
Huong’s move is part of an expanding agricultural revolution in Asia that aims to feed a ballooning population against a backdrop of formidable problems. The intimidating list includes food inflation, climate change, accessibility issues, supply chain disruptions, urban migration, aging societies, and severe hunger.
Huong’s employer, Orlar, is cagey about the specifics of its technology but claims it minimizes the need for chemicals, energy, water, and land. The startup’s task is one faced by businesses and farmers across the world, where the population is expanding, but resources are not. To feed an increasingly hungry planet, Orlar and other new farming revolutionaries must produce more with less.
Food prices have shot up across Asia, hitting their highest levels since 2011. Farmers face droughts and ice storms, rising costs of fertilizer and fuel, pandemic-related labor shortages, and supply chain disruptions exacerbated by the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Prices are expected to keep rising. Meanwhile, Asia’s population is projected to surge by 700 million to 5.3 billion in 2050. Last year, more than 1.1 billion people had access to adequate food in this region alone.
The billion-dollar question now is: How will the world’s most populous landmass feed itself in the decades to come?
Across the region, companies are approaching this task by harnessing the power of technology.
Some are disrupting thousands of years of traditional soil agriculture and breaking new ground, growing the food of our future on rocks, hydrogel sheets, Petri dishes, and vertical racks. Others bring machine learning to agritech.
In Japan, cherry-red robot tractors serve as new beasts of burden.
In China, pigs are monitored by roaming cameras, and tomatoes are harvested by bots.
From Philippine rice to Vietnamese shrimp, selective breeding is being applied to increase yields. Climate is being controlled in glasshouses, vertical farms, and fish tanks.
Some technology, from tracking soil health to following a mango’s supply chain journey, is getting cheaper, says Patricia Sosrodjojo, partner at Seedstars International Ventures, an early-stage investor in emerging markets.
But Sosrodjojo also warned that the “compounding” global issues of the last two years illustrate the need for more innovation.
“People…realized there is this machinery that gets food to the market. And then things like COVID-19 and the supply chain, [problems] that could happen did happen,” she said in an interview with Nikkei Asia. “It also serves as a wake-up call that these threats are real.”
Many companies are investing in research to develop solutions for problems expected to spiral in the future. “Better prepare the cart now, then attach the horse later,” said Jauhar Ali of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), which has been preparing for food shortages by genetically modifying rice to optimize nutrition and yield.
The agritech revolution could hardly be more pressing. Population growth is up, but stockpiles are down, with reserves of staples shrinking for four straight years until just recently, according to the International Grains Council.
Stocks of wheat, barley, maize, soybeans, and rice will drop to an eight-year low of 583 million metric tons in 2023, according to the intergovernmental organization.
A trifecta of problems has stoked food inflation: COVID-19, conflict, and climate change. Russia’s war in Ukraine has driven up costs, from animal feed to fertilizer. This has compounded the food insecurity unleashed by export bans, hoarding, and supply chain bedlam during the pandemic. Global heating threatens to intensify crop damage caused by drought, floods, typhoons, and pests.
Agritech has the potential to be an integral part of an ecosystem of innovation that could mean fewer humans will go hungry. But its acolytes will need to overcome crucial impediments, such as high investment costs and energy scarcity if they are to live up to their existential promises.
In 2022 B.C., farmers cultivated plants that suited their location. One could say the climate determined the crop.
In 2022 A.D., with farm tech, the crop determines the climate.
Indoor farms are sheltered from rain, sunlight, and heat. That gives humans what our ancestors might have seen as divine control over water levels, light, and temperatures used to nourish their chosen crops.
Chinese company Kaisheng Haofeng runs one of the planet’s biggest greenhouses in a country with the most mouths to feed. It spreads across the area of 30 football pitches in rural Shandong Province, where tomatoes are the star of the show.
Kaisheng deploys an arsenal of Dutch machines that automate the fruit’s diet of water and fertilizer, calibrate light and ventilation, and kill bacteria with ultraviolet rays.
The company deploys an arsenal of Dutch machines that automate the fruit’s diet of water and fertilizer, calibrate light and ventilation, and kill bacteria with ultraviolet rays. Modern artificial microclimates enable horticulture year-round across the nation’s vast landscape of 1.4 billion people.
Kaisheng’s smart tech has raised yields sixfold.
Old-school greenhouses, by contrast, don’t “withstand harsh environments” too well, deputy general manager Li Ju-hai told Nikkei Asia, adding that they can’t produce the food quality that consumers demand.
“My country is ushering in a new era of enhanced comprehension of consumption,” Li said.
That’s also the idea with Japan’s Mebiol, which claims it can grow food in barren places. Former Japanese astronaut Soichi Noguchi once took its flagship technology to space, and succeeded in growing herbs in zero gravity.
Mebiol’s invention looks like hairy grass sprouting from a huge sheet of plastic wrap. It’s a mix of nutrients and water in a hydrogel, which is then flattened into sheets fertile enough to sustain plants.
As with Orlar’s rocks in Vietnam, cherry tomatoes and mizuna leaves spring from the see-through film, using no soil and minimal water.
The global agritech market will reap USD 22.5 billion in revenue by 2025, up from USD 9 billion in 2020, according to UK-based Juniper Research.
The numbers are attracting investment in agritech, which reached record highs last year as venture capitalists placed nearly USD 12.2 billion in 632 deals, according to international trade association CropLife. In the first quarter of this year alone, investors made 224 deals worth USD 3.9 billion.
“Agritech 1.0 concentrated on areas like genetics, pesticides, and fertilization,” said Sanjeev Krishnan, founder and managing director at S2G Ventures, which invests in food and agriculture. “Agritech 2.0 focuses much more on digitization, data science, and alternative farming, which has helped respond to COVID-19 and the issues it has caused with supply disruptions and labor force access.”
“Something like digitalization has become important because people need supply chain visibility; they want to know crop yield,” Krishnan said.
Agritech is allowing farming to move off scarce land, into buildings, and onto rooftops.
This is particularly helpful in rich but densely populated countries like Singapore, which is about half the size of London and has less room for traditional agriculture.
Singapore, which imports 90% of its food, sees urban farming as a way to produce more at home and bolster supply security. It has designated more than ten rooftops to grow more than 2,000 tons of vegetables every year.
ComCrop, one of the city-state’s first rooftop farms, has been churning out mint and lettuce using hydroponics since 2011. It requires neither pesticides nor soil on this tiny island nation of 724 square kilometers.
The government aims to grow 30% of the island’s nutritional needs by 2030. The Singapore Food Agency has earmarked more than USD 40 million to create an agriculture industry that is resilient to climate and can use resources efficiently.
The agency supports seafood businesses like Blue Ocean Aquaculture Technology, which rears jade perch and red tilapia in oxygen-rich tanks at a factory.
Shrimp farmers from Thailand to Vietnam are taking a similar approach, shifting their crustaceans from outdoor ponds to indoor tanks.
The controlled environment protects against plankton blooms and water pollution.
Climate control may guard farms against mercurial weather, but it can come at a heavy cost to the wider biosphere.
Skeptics say not every change in agriculture is progress. For indoor farms, a big problem is the “phenomenal” amount of energy consumed, acknowledges Orlar founder Lyndal Hugo. She argues that the rocks her company uses act like thermal batteries, storing heat and reducing the need for external power.
But vertical farms can be notoriously electricity-intensive. In one stark example, strawberries drained 3,000% more power on a Russian vertical farm than a conventional Chilean one, scholars Paul Teng and Steve Kim wrote in an analysis for Singapore’s Nanyang Technological University blog last year.
“Unless we remove energy from the system, we’re never going to fight climate change, we’re never going to fight food insecurity,” said Hugo, who is licensing her invention to partners in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand.
As Asia’s middle class expands, the region is expected to account for 50% of the global growth in poultry and beef consumption, and 75% of seafood demand by 2030, according to a report by the Asian Development Bank. By then, more than 60% of cereal demand in the developing world will come from South and East Asia, the report said.
To keep pace, food production will have to increase 60–70% compared with a decade ago, the ADB research showed.
Costs today are already setting records. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, both top exporters of wheat and maize, drove previously-rising prices of staples including vegetable oils and cereals to record highs this year, according to the U.N.’s Food and Agriculture Organization’s annual Food Price Index.
The Index, which tracks monthly price changes in a basket of commonly traded food commodities, has climbed 23% in the last 12 months alone, hovering around an all-time high reached in March.
That has added to other contemporary obstacles to sourcing food. These include COVID-addled supply chains further strained by China’s pandemic lockdowns; extreme weather events worsened by climate change; and aging and urbanizing societies in which people are less likely to work in the fields.
This is an urgent problem in Japan, where 29% of people are 65 or older, the highest rate in the world. The archipelago had 1.74 million farmer households in 2020, down 44% from 2000, said the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries.
The shortage of human hands suggests one potential answer: introduce more mechanical ones.
Japanese company Yanmar Agribusiness has developed a fleet of self-driving tractors that bring precision to plowing and ridging. Their human overlords use tablets to map planned vehicle routes, which stop when their sensors detect people or objects nearby.
This is an example of the significant impact that information and communication technology (ICT) can have on time-honored farming practices, said Yanmar’s executive engineering officer Shigemi Hidaka. “Our agricultural industry needs to become a smart industry by utilizing technologies like ICT and data linkage,” he told Nikkei Asia.
A thousand miles west, China’s 21st-century farm hands include the company Sananbio’s conveyor system that automates seeding and transplanting. Kaisheng Haofeng, meanwhile, plans to populate its greenhouses with robots for harvesting and packaging in 2023.
And in the country with the world’s biggest appetite for pork, Beijing-based Nxin is developing machine learning to monitor pigs. Voice recognition, for example, can determine if a sow is crushing a piglet. Roving hog cameras boost output by using software to assess weight, pregnancy, and signs of disease.
Elsewhere in Asia, devices do what humans can’t, or augment what they can. Drones in India blast pesticides at locusts. Sensors collect field data across the continent, from soil moisture to rice paddies salinity.
Other methods are being deployed to improve the yield and quality of rice, Asia’s water-intensive staple carbohydrate. Nepal and the Philippines are investing millions of dollars in hybrid rice, which scientists alter for a number of traits, like disease and drought resistance. Selective breeding is also used in animals, such as milk cows in Bangladesh.
Genetic modification of rice is particularly useful in saving water. A kilogram of rice needs between 3,000 and 5,000 liters of water, compared to 900 liters for a kilogram of wheat and 500 liters for the same weight in potatoes.
Some hybrid rice varieties require up to 30% less water.
Decreasing water use is crucial in vast swathes of South and East Asia, where humanity is heading towards a water crisis due to shrinking glaciers, depleted groundwater, and severe droughts.
Philippines-based International Rice Research Institute said Manila is the first government to approve its Golden Rice, a strain loaded with vitamins to nourish more people for less. Ali, the institute’s head of hybrid rice tech research, said hurdles include years of development and a public leery of genetic modification. Filipino farmers opposed to Golden Rice said the modified plant would “poison our lands” and increase reliance on pesticides and herbicides.
Elsewhere, technology is being used to alter the crop fields themselves. India and Thailand, the world’s biggest rice exporters, zap lasers at dry land to measure bumps that need to be flattened. This kind of leveling cuts water and fertilizer use by spreading them out evenly, raising rice harvests by 7–10%, according to German aid agency GIZ.
Supporters of the new agricultural revolution say they urgently need more investment and efforts to bring down costs. For example, Yanmar acknowledges that the USD 72,000-plus price tag on its autonomous tractor puts it out of reach of smallholders. The International Rice Research Institute has an annual budget of nearly USD 62 million, and Ali says that raising the hybrid rice program’s budget by even USD 1 million would reap multiples of that amount.
Despite all its potential, agritech is in its infancy. Also, countries with younger populations will take longer to scale to digital operations as they reap their “demographic dividend.” India, for example, will add another 183 million people to the working age group of 15–64 years over the next three decades, according to U.N. data.
To succeed, the new agricultural revolution will need to show that its innovations can reinvent millennia-old classical farming to meet the urgent needs of the food crisis in a cost-efficient manner.
Back in Vietnam, Orlar’s efforts to make soft fruits spring from rocks are a sign of the potentially transformative quality of the new agricultural revolution. Its founder Hugo puts the equation starkly: “It’s only a valid technology if it improves people’s lives.”
This article first appeared on Nikkei Asia. It has been republished here as part of 36Kr’s ongoing partnership with Nikkei.